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9apps download is one of such wonderful platform through which various wonderful android applications can be downloaded easily.

You can download from various categories such as communication, lifestyle, news, business, food, parenting, entertainment, photography, shopping, health, social, sports, beauty, videos, music, audio, finance, weather and dating apps or any other kind of apk required for our daily use.

File Size	3.4 MB
Type	Tools
Version	3.3.1.8
Require	Android 5.0 or later
Official Website	9apps.com
Downloads	90,00,000 +
Last Update	January 2019

Everything You Need To Know On How To Download And Install 9apps

9apps is among those amazing platforms which can be used for downloading apps of different categories easily and quickly. It is an application through which you can download games, wallpapers, themes, apps, etc. You can use 9apps to download apps of distinct varieties such as entertainment, travel, photo, and video editing, food, shopping, lifestyle, health, sports, music, beauty, finance, communication, dating apps, etc. or any other app which you can think of.

How To Download And Install 9apps?

1. First of all, you want to track the apk file of 9Apps. Once after you found it download it on your device.
2. When the apk file downloaded on your device you want to leave it without opening.
3. Now go to the Settings available in your handset or phone. Once clicked you will see a lot of options from that choose option called Security.
4. Under Security, several buttons available knock on “Device management” or “Device administration”.
5. Below this option, you will witness an option termed as “Unknown sources”.
6. Once after you saw it choose it and permit it (Most of the time the enabling option will differ based on the Android version so toggle it properly)
7. The moment you clicked Android blockage message will come you are required to click “Ok”
8. Eventually, go to the Download folder in your phone and double click on the downloaded apk file of 9Apps to set up this application easily.

9apps for Android, is available for various other platforms. You can download and install the 9apps on all platforms without paying any charges. Generally, it can be downloaded from the 9apps website or from the store used for downloading apps on the Android and the iOS.

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It is not just a solution to get hold of android apps or games on your windows but even provides you with quick downloading of apps.9apps free download where apps are perfectly managed. From here download 9apps for windows you can download free ringtones, wallpapers, pictures and many other apps which you want to use in your daily chores. Even you can watch shows for free by being online on this app.

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Tizen is quite a famous magazine which provides you with a great number of options. When you choose for 9apps for Tizen from there you can 9apps डाउनलोड related to music, games, Adhar card related, photo downloader and video downloader etc. This is a great source where under one bunch you can find a lot of apps.

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9apps is also available at Java version allows you to download exciting app related to Java for free of cost. Apps such as Java Programming, Tutorial Java Core Java, Java Programs, etc are present for free for people to download from 9apps for java and go into the depth of this language. All the apps have a different size varying between 4 to 5 MB. You can easily catch hold of the one which you find is most suitable and then can enjoy working in the programming world.

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9apps presents for Pc which is great to use. You just need to download the download 9apps for pc and then you can take a number of advantages of it. The size of this app is 2.5 Mb and by using this app you can install all the apps without the risk of the virus. You can download a number of movies, games, songs, pictures, wallpapers etc by using this app.

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You can download this app store easily which is one of the great platforms from where you can install all the latest android apps and games. It is actually a powerhouse which helps you to install the stuff you like quickly and comparatively saves a lot of your data. With just a single click you can work on a number of horizons and enjoy them actually for free. 9apps 2018 download is even on its verge to come for iPhone users which will actually be a blessing.

Download 9Apps for IOS

For the Apple users those who are using Itunes App Store, 9apps download free is the perfect option which will provide you will simply and comfortable downloading of all the premium apps. By downloading 9 apps for the one you can get access to a great number of apps which was not possible in the Itunes app store. Even you can watch shows online which actually consume fewer data.

Features of 9 apps

9 apps actually are quite different from the other stores that help you in downloading the applications. The credit for the same has to go to its unique repository of features that are restricted to 9 apps alone.

• Size – Unlike the other stores on the web, the 9 apps store is of small size and does not occupy a lot of space on any of the devices that it is being used on. Also, there are hardly any cases of the app getting stuck.
• Interface – The user interface of the store is designed in a way that will not make it hard for anyone using it. Even the newbie on it can easily navigate through the content without the need to go through the trouble of understanding it. The app is organized well for you to be able to find your apps conveniently.
• App collection – The store boasts of a large repository of an app that exceeds the count of even 200,000. That being said the servers of the app are extremely smart to match you with the kind of content that you like owing to the past searches on the app. The applications on the store are optimized to function well in major countries across Asia.
• Speed – The download speed is also one of the best amongst the other platforms with similar The servers are well-built that allows you to download the apps faster and without too much trouble.
• Compatibility – The 9 app store has no issues when it comes to compatibility as it can work on any platforms, be it phones or tablets without too much trouble. Also, it can function smoothly and effectively across any operating system that might be present in the market.

Therefore, the popularity of the 9 app store, due to its popularity, should not come as a surprise at all.

Advantages of 9apps

1. It is available for free. Even for downloading apps and personalized contents also you no need to pay any cost.
2. Provided with multiple numbers of contents plus all the files are the latest one as well,
3. All the apps and contents are protective one and have sturdy security features so no issue in using anything.
4. It is small in size thus you no need to spend much memory space as well to use this app-store.
5. Also, the apps are tiny in size and you can remove the apk file of the app once after you set up.
6. This is the second largest app-store available with both popular apps and apps that you have not seen in any of the platforms.
7. Contents available here such as wallpapers, themes, ringtones are compatible for Java devices as well.

Benefits of 9apps Free Download

Another section is the 9apps wallpapers app at 9apps download app store. The wallpapers can be used on the screen for an elegant look. These wallpapers can be downloaded easily and you can use it to set background photos for your computer or laptop. Using this will definitely make the screen look great and you will surely feel good to use the device.

You might download apps from play store or on PC but it may take a lot of time and even more data. Even you have to search a lot for it. So there exists an app called 9apps which is the best downloading store for all of them. It is an alternative to the play store which you can download on your Android phones, Blackberry mobiles, PC or Laptops and from there you can download the premium apps. The speed is great and you can download a great number of them for free. The size of this app is 2.7 MB.

Another wonderful thing that you can download from this platform are the ringtones. There are a whole lot of varieties that you can choose from and with this, it is sure that you can set the best ringtone for your cell phone. There are many types of ringtones with the ideas of message tones, Bollywood numbers, pop, soul, classical, eastern, dance, hip-hop and a lot more.

Top Apps from 9 App Store

9apps fast download is a groundbreaking mobile app distribution site and third-party Android app store. It reaches out to the global audience with Android apps and games, eliminating the need for signing-in. What makes this platform different from the Google Play store is that it provides access to APK files for your favorite apps. 99apps drives more than 250 million active users every month.

Here are the top 4 best app downloads from this site:

1) UC News App

This is your one-stop news destination where you can remain updated about everything. Get the breaking news and sports live scores right on your smartphone. You can also comment and share your views with other users.

Features of UC News:

• Breaking News: Get local and global breaking news instantly on your screen.
• Bollywood News: Who is not a Bollywood fan? Stay up-to-date with the latest news and videos from the buzzing industry.
• Videos & Jokes: UC news is much more than just a news app. It also brings you entertaining videos, movie trailers and jokes to keep you engaged in your spare time.
• Smart Reading: Due to its smart search engine and custom news feed algorithm, you will get article suggestions based on your interests.

This UC News app at 9apps download for android store also supports multi-language news. You can choose to read the news in a wide range of Indian languages, or even in Indonesian. UC news also supports Wemedia subscription, giving you access to engaging articles.

2) Vidmate APK Download

There are people who are always thinking of ways to download videos from YouTube, Dailymotion, Vimeo, and other video services. Vidmate download apk new version is an excellent app on 9Apps and you can download its APK file on your Android device. You can download videos from most of the video portals online, including:

• YouTube
• Vimeo
• Metacafe
• Dailymotion
• FunnyorDie
• Tumblr
• Vine
• Instagram
• Soundcloud

The vidmate app download asks you to select the video quality you want for the downloaded files. You can choose HD format or lower quality based on your connection’s speed and space limitations. All the downloaded videos are automatically organized based on the download date and time. This makes it easier to have an organized library.

3) VMate

Vmate is one of the best and trending apps for youtube videos and lots more. Vmate is a simple app way to express yourself and in this app, you can share the moments you love, opinions and all that is life and interesting. You can also Follow fascinating creators who got great stories to tell and discover the greatest moments from all over India and the people around you. You can download this app very easily from the 9 apps apk store.

4) UC Browser App

The UC Browser App for PC is specifically developed keeping in mind the needs of desktop users. 9apps downloading app also allows you to download the APK file for this app. It is especially beneficial for those with slower internet connectivity or less powerful systems. It can deliver a smoother online experience.

It is a well-established browser that has been here for some time and has built a solid reputation among users. UC Browser app provides more features and tools than its competition. The ad-blocker is a feature worth noting because it keeps you at bay from all the ‘sneaking’ ads. It provides a tabbed UI and also features a download manager.

Features for UC Browser App:

• It is the perfect browser for devices with slow internet connectivity and lesser power configuration.
• The ad-blocking function helps provide an ad-free experience. Remember this is a free app. Ads are part of most free apps, but this browser prevents ads from popping up every now and then.
• There is a download manager that helps you keep track of all your file downloads.
• The browser works smoothly on devices that don’t have a powerful CPU or lots of storage space.

These are 5 of the best APK downloads available on 9 app store. APK files offer so many advantages when you choose to install an Android app. 9apps install provides you free access to Androids apps in different categories. Get more freedom and flexibility by choosing the best apps and their APK files from here.

Overall using 9apps free download store for music apps, games apps or any other free apps downloading can surely be a great thing as downloading is made extremely easy and with this application. 9apps download fast right away to experience a whole new world of the finest things and download the most exciting applications instantly and at ease with your fingertips.

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Chrome	Mozilla	Opera Mini	UC Browser	Safari

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Difference between 9apps and Google Play Store

Google Play store has long been the primary source of downloading apps. However, with the introduction of 9apps store, you, now, have a choice. Both might be serving the same purpose but that does not mean they are not different in their functionalities and approach. The difference in their features is what makes one overpower the other.

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• Size – Whereas the Google Play store is an extremely large software that occupies a major chunk of the memory in your phone or tablet, 9app store is software whose size can be measured in KBs. The functionalities that affect the storage space is also different as the Google Play store retains the entire installation package and therefore, the device would need to create a space for it as well. On the other hand, 9app store deletes the package once its purpose is served, therefore, taking up less space.
• Content – Even if some apps were taken down from the Google Play store, the 9app store might still have it. This offers you more options to choose from when you are on 9app. Also, the Google Play store is location specific and an app that might be pertaining to a country might not be available to another. There is no such rule in the 9app store and you can download any app from anywhere across the world.
• Download – When downloading an app in the Google Play store, you cannot organize or choose the order preference of the apps that you wish to download. 9app store provides you with such a facility as you can start or stop any app from getting downloaded in the line of apps that are downloading at the same time. That being said, even the speed is better when compared to the Google Play Store.

Despite the fact that both the stores serve the same purpose, there is a huge difference in how they function.

9Apps FAQs – Frequently Asked Questions about 9Apps Download

What are all available in the store?

9apps apk store is an Android app store in which it offers several types of categories like videos, ringtones, wallpapers, stickers themes, games & apps, etc.

Is it available on ios?

Now currently, the 9Apps app store is not available at ios app store. We are still trying to get it as soon as possible at ios app store.

Why is 9apps not available in Google Play Store?

Google play store & 9Apps app store are competitors to each other, so that’s why we are trying to build our own app store and maintain it for our user’s day-by-day.

What is the file size of this app store?

The file size of 9apps games app is 2.5MB & that is the reason why this app is very fast to download and install.

What does all this app store offer?

This app store offers hell number of Android apps, in categories like live wallpaper, entertainment, social, media & video, and communication, etc.

Android 9 (API level 28) introduces a number of changes to the Android system.The following behavior changes apply to all apps when theyrun on the Android 9 platform, regardless of the API level that theyare targeting. All developers should review these changes and modifytheir apps to support them properly, where applicable to the app.

For changes that only affect apps that target API level 28 or higher, seeBehavior changes: apps targeting API Level28+.

Power management

Android 9 introduces new features to improve device powermanagement. These changes, along with features that were already present beforeAndroid 9, help to ensure that system resources are made available to the appsthat need them the most.

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For details, see Power management.

Privacy changes

To enhance user privacy, Android 9 introduces several behaviorchanges, such as limiting background apps' access to device sensors, restrictinginformation retrieved from Wi-Fi scans, and new permission rules and permissiongroups related to phone calls, phone state, and Wi-Fi scans.

These changes affect all apps running on Android 9, regardless of target SDKversion.

Limited access to sensors in background

Android 9 limits the ability for background apps to access user input andsensor data. If your app is running in the background on a device runningAndroid 9, the system applies the following restrictions to your app:

• Your app cannot access the microphone or camera.
• Sensors that use thecontinuousreporting mode, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes, don't receive events.
• Sensors that use theon-changeor one-shotreporting modes don't receive events.

If your app needs to detect sensor events on devices running Android 9, use aforeground service.

Restricted access to call logs

Android 9 introduces theCALL_LOGpermissiongroup and moves theREAD_CALL_LOG,WRITE_CALL_LOG, andPROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLSpermissions into this group. In previous versions of Android, these permissionswere located in the PHONE permission group.

This CALL_LOG permission group gives users better control and visibility toapps that need access to sensitive information about phone calls, such asreading phone call records and identifying phone numbers.

If your app requires access to call logs or needs to process outgoing calls, youmust explicitly request these permissions from theCALL_LOG permissiongroup. Otherwise, aSecurityException occurs.

Note: Because these permissions have changed groups and are granted at runtime, it's possible for the user to deny your app access to phone call logs information. In this case, your app should be able to handle the lack of access to information gracefully.

If your app is already following runtime permissions best practices, it can handle the change in permission group.

Restricted access to phone numbers

Apps running on Android 9 cannot read phone numbers or phone state withoutfirst acquiring theREAD_CALL_LOGpermission, in addition to the other permissions that your app's use casesrequire.

Phone numbers associated with incoming and outgoing calls are visible in thephone statebroadcast,such as for incoming and outgoing calls and are accessible from thePhoneStateListener class.Without theREAD_CALL_LOGpermission, however, the phone number field that's provided inPHONE_STATE_CHANGED broadcasts and through PhoneStateListener is empty.

To read phone numbers from phone state, update your app to request the necessarypermissions based on your use case:

• To read numbers from the PHONE_STATEintentaction, you need both theREAD_CALL_LOGpermission and theREAD_PHONE_STATEpermission.
• To read numbers fromonCallStateChanged(),you need theREAD_CALL_LOGpermission only. You don't need theREAD_PHONE_STATEpermission.

Restricted access to Wi-Fi location and connection information

In Android 9, the permission requirements for an app to perform Wi-Fiscans are more strict than in previous versions. For details, seeWi-Fi scanning restrictions.

Similar restrictions also apply to thegetConnectionInfo()method, which returns a WifiInfoobject describing the current Wi-Fi connection. You can only use this object'smethods to retrieve SSID and BSSID values if the calling app has the followingpermissions:

• ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION
• ACCESS_WIFI_STATE

Retrieving the SSID or BSSID also requires location services to be enabled onthe device (under Settings > Location).

Information removed from Wi-Fi service methods

In Android 9, the following events and broadcasts don't receive informationabout the user's location or personally identifiable data:

• ThegetScanResults()and getConnectionInfo()methods from WifiManager.
• The discoverServices()and addServiceRequest()methods from WifiP2pManager.
• The NETWORK_STATE_CHANGED_ACTION broadcast.

The NETWORK_STATE_CHANGED_ACTIONsystem broadcast from Wi-Fi no longer contains SSID (previously EXTRA_SSID),BSSID (previously EXTRA_BSSID), or connection information (previouslyEXTRA_NETWORK_INFO). If your app needs this information, callgetConnectionInfo()instead.

Telephony information now relies on device location setting

If the user has disabled devicelocation on a devicerunning Android 9, the following methods don't provide results:

Restrictions on use of non-SDK interfaces

To help ensure app stability and compatiblity, the platform restricts the use ofsome non-SDK methods and fields; these restrictions apply whether youattempt to access these methods and fields directly, via reflection, or usingJNI. In Android 9, your app can continue to access these restrictedinterfaces; the platform uses toasts and log entries to bring them to your attention.If your app shows such a toast, it is important that you pursue animplementation strategy other than the restricted interface. If you feelthat no alternative strategy is feasible, you may filea bugto request reconsideration of the restriction.

Restrictions on Non-SDK Interfacescontains further important information. You should review it to ensure that yourapp continues to function properly.

Security behavior changes

Device security changes

Android 9 adds several capabilities that improve your app'ssecurity, regardless of which version your app targets.

TLS implementation changes

The system's TLS implementation has undergone several changes in Android 9:

• If an instance of SSLSocket failsto connect while it's being created, the system throws anIOException instead of aNullPointerException.
• The SSLEngine class cleanlyhandles any close_notify alerts that occur.

To learn more about making secure web requests in an Android app, see An HTTPSexample.

Stricter SECCOMP filter

Android 9 further restricts the system calls that are available to apps. Thisbehavior is an extension of the SECCOMP filter that Android 8.0 (API level 26)includes.

Note: This change only affects apps that use privileged syscalls.

Cryptographic changes

Android 9 introduces several changes to the implementation andhandling of cryptographic algorithms.

Conscrypt implementations of parameters and algorithms

Android 9 provides additional implementations of algorithm parameters inConscrypt. Theseparameters include: AES, DESEDE, OAEP, and EC. TheBouncy Castle versions ofthese parameters and many algorithms have been deprecated as of Android 9.

Note: Conscrypt's implementation of the EC parameter only supports named curves.

If your app targets Android 8.1 (API level 27) or lower, you receive a warningwhen requesting the Bouncy Castle implementation of one of these deprecatedalgorithms. If you target Android 9, however, these requests each throw aNoSuchAlgorithmException.

Other changes

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Android 9 introduces several other changes related to cryptography:

• When using PBE keys, if Bouncy Castle is expecting an initialization vector(IV) and your app doesn’t supply one, you receive a warning.
• The Conscrypt implementation of the ARC4 cipher allows you to specify eitherARC4/ECB/NoPadding or ARC4/NONE/NoPadding.
• The Crypto Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) provider has been removed. Asa result, if your app calls SecureRandom.getInstance('SHA1PRNG', 'Crypto'), aNoSuchProviderExceptionoccurs.
• If your app parses RSA keys from buffers that are larger than the keystructure, an exception no longer occurs.

To learn more about using Android's cryptographic capabilities, seeCryptography.

Android secure encrypted files are no longer supported

Android 9 completely removes support for Android secureencrypted files (ASECs).

In Android 2.2 (API level 8), Android introduced ASECs to supportapps-on-SD-card functionality. On Android 6.0 (API level 23), the platformintroduced an adoptable storagedevice technologythat developers can use in place of ASECs.

Updates to the ICU libraries

Android 9 uses version 60 of the ICU library. Android 8.0 (APIlevel 26) and Android 8.1 (API level 27) use ICU 58.

ICU is used to provide public APIs beneath the android.icu packageand is used internally in the Android platform for internationalization support.For example, it is used to implement Android classes in java.util, java.text,and android.text.format.

The update to ICU 60 contains many small but useful changes, including Emoji 5.0data support and improved date/time formats, as documented in the ICU 59 and ICU60 release notes.

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Notable changes in this update:

• The way the platform handles time zones has changed.
  • The platform handles GMT and UTC better; UTC is no longer a synonym for GMT.

    ICU now provides translated zone names for GMT and UTC. This change affects android.icu formatting and parsing behavior for zones like 'GMT', 'Etc/GMT', 'UTC', 'Etc/UTC', and 'Zulu'.

  • java.text.SimpleDateFormat now uses ICU to provide display names for UTC /GMT, meaning:
    • Formatting zzzz generates a long localized string for many locales. Previously, it produced produced 'UTC' for UTC and strings like 'GMT+00:00' for GMT.
    • Parsing zzzz recognizes strings like 'Universal Coordinated Time', and 'Greenwich Mean Time'.
    • Apps may encounter compatibility problems if they assume that 'UTC' or 'GMT+00:00' are output for zzzz in all languages.
  • The behavior of java.text.DateFormatSymbols.getZoneStrings() has changed:
    • As with SimpleDateFormat, UTC and GMT now have long names. DST variants of time zone names for the UTC zone, such as 'UTC', 'Etc/UTC', and 'Zulu', become GMT+00:00, which is the standard fallback when there are no names available, rather than the hard-coded string UTC.
    • Some zone IDs are correctly recognized as synonyms for other zones, so that Android finds strings for archaic zone IDs, such as Eire, that previously could not be resolved.
  • Asia/Hanoi is no longer a recognized zone. For this reason java.util.TimeZones.getAvailableIds() does not return this value, and java.util.TimeZone.getTimeZone() does not recognize it. This behavior is consistent with the existing android.icu behavior.
• The android.icu.text.NumberFormat.getInstance(ULocale, PLURALCURRENCYSTYLE).parse(String) method may throw a ParseException even when parsing legitimate currency text. Avoid this problem by using NumberFormat.parseCurrency, available since Android 7.0 (API level 24), for PLURALCURRENCYSTYLE-style currency text.

Android Test changes

Android 9 introduces several changes to the Android Test framework's libraryand class structure. These changes help developers use framework-supported,public APIs, but the changes also allow for more flexibility in building andrunning tests using third-party libraries or custom logic.

Libraries removed from framework

Android 9 reorganizes the JUnit-based classes into three libraries:android.test.base, android.test.runner, and android.test.mock.This change allows you to run tests against a version of JUnit that works bestwith your project's dependencies. This version of JUnit might be different thanthe one that android.jar provides.

To learn more about how the JUnit-based classes are organized into theselibraries, as well as how to prepare your app's project for writing and runningtests, see Set up project for Android Test.

Test suite build changes

The addRequirements() method in theTestSuiteBuilderclass has been removed, and the TestSuiteBuilder class itself been deprecated.The addRequirements() method had required developers to supply arguments whosetypes are hidden APIs, making the API invalid.

Java UTF decoder

UTF-8 is the default charset in Android. A UTF-8 byte sequence can be decodedby a String constructor, such as String(byte[] bytes).

The UTF-8 decoder in Android 9 follows the Unicode standardsmore strictly than in previous versions. The changes include the following:

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• The non-shortest form of UTF-8, such as <C0, AF>, is treated as ill-formed.
• The surrogate form of UTF-8, such as U+D800.U+DFFF, is treated asill-formed.
• The maximal subpart is replaced by a single U+FFFD. For example, in the bytesequence '41 C0 AF 41 F4 80 80 41,' the maximal subparts are 'C0,' 'AF,'and 'F4 80 80.' 'F4 80 80' can be the initial subsequence of'F4 80 80 80', but 'C0' can't be the initial subsequence of any well-formedcode unit sequence. Thus, the output should be 'AufffdufffdAufffdA.'
• To decode a modified UTF-8 / CESU-8 sequence in Android 9 or higher, use theDataInputStream.readUTF()method or the NewStringUTF() JNI method.

Hostname verification using a certificate

RFC 2818 describes twomethods to match a domain name against a certificate—using the availablenames within the subjectAltName (SAN) extension, or in the absence of aSAN extension, falling back to the commonName (CN).

However, the fallback to the CN was deprecated in RFC 2818. For this reason,Android no longer falls back to using the CN. To verify a hostname, the servermust present a certificate with a matching SAN. Certificates that don'tcontain a SAN matching the hostname are no longer trusted.

Network address lookups can cause network violations

Network address lookups that require name resolution can involve network I/O andare therefore considered blocking operations. Blocking operations on the mainthread can cause pauses or jank.

The StrictMode class is a development tool that helpsdevelopers to detect problems in their code.

In Android 9 and higher, StrictMode detects networkviolations caused by network address lookups that require name resolution.

You should not ship your apps with StrictMode enabled. If you do, then yourapps can experience exceptions, such asNetworkOnMainThreadException when using thedetectNetwork() ordetectAll() methods to get apolicy that detects network violations.

Resolving a numeric IP address isn't considered a blocking operation. Numeric IPaddress resolution works the same as in versions before Android 9.

Socket tagging

In platform versions lower than Android 9, if a socket istagged using thesetThreadStatsTag() method,the socket is untagged when it's sent to another process usingbinder IPCwith a ParcelFileDescriptor container.

In Android 9 and higher, the socket tag is kept when it’s sent to anotherprocess using binder IPC. This change can affect network traffic statistics, forexample, when using thequeryDetailsForUidTag() method.

If you want to retain the behavior of the previous versions, which untags asocket that is sent to another process, you can calluntagSocket() before sending thesocket.

Reported amount of available bytes in socket

The available() method returns 0 when it's calledafter invoking the shutdownInput() method.

More detailed network capabilities reporting for VPNs

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In Android 8.1 (API level 28) and lower, theNetworkCapabilities class only reported a limited set ofinformation for VPNs, such asTRANSPORT_VPN, but omittingNET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN. This limitedinformation made it difficult to determine if using a VPN would result in chargesto the app's user. For example, checkingNET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED would notdetermine whether the underlying networks were metered or not.

In Android 9 and higher, when a VPN calls thesetUnderlyingNetworks()method, the Android system merges the transports and capabilities of anyunderlying networks and returns the result as the effective network capabilitiesof the VPN network.

In Android 9 and higher, apps that already check forNET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED receive the network capabilities of the VPN and theunderlying networks.

Files in xt_qtaguid folder are no longer available to apps

Beginning with Android 9, apps are not allowed to have directread access to files in the /proc/net/xt_qtaguid folder. The reason is toensure consistency with some devices that don't have these files at all.

The public APIs that rely on these files, TrafficStats andNetworkStatsManager, continue to work as intended.However, the unsupportedcutilsfunctions, such asqtaguid_tagSocket(),may not work as expected—or at all— on different devices.

FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK requirement is now enforced

With Android 9, you cannot start an activity from anon-activity context unless you pass the intent flagFLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK.If you attempt to start an activity without passing this flag, theactivity does not start, and the system prints a message to the log.

Note: The flag requirement has always been the intended behavior, and wasenforced on versions lower than Android 7.0 (API level 24). A bug in Android7.0 prevented the flag requirement from being enforced.

Screen rotation changes

Beginning with Android 9, there are significant changes to theportrait rotation mode. In Android 8.0 (API level 26), users could togglebetween auto-rotate and portrait rotation modes using a Quicksettingstile or Display settings. The portrait mode has been renamed rotation lockand it is active when auto-rotate is toggled off. There are no changes to auto-rotate mode.

When the device is in rotation lock mode, users can lock their screen to anyrotation supported by the top, visible Activity. An Activity should not assumeit will always be rendered in portrait. If the top Activity can be rendered inmultiple rotations in auto-rotate mode, the same options should be available inrotation locked mode, with some exceptions based on the Activity'sscreenOrientation setting (see the table below).

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Activities that request a specific orientation (for example,screenOrientation=landscape) ignore the user lock preference and behavethe same way as in Android 8.0.

The screen orientation preference can be set at the Activity level in the AndroidManifest, or programmaticallywith setRequestedOrientation().

The rotation lock mode works by setting the user rotation preference which theWindowManager uses when handling Activity rotation. The user rotation preferencemight be changed in the following cases. Note that there is a bias to return tothe device's natural rotation, which is normally portrait for phone form factordevices:

• When the user accepts a rotation suggestion the rotation preference changes to the suggestion.
• When the user switches to a forced portrait app (including the lock screen or the launcher) the rotation preference changes to portrait.

The following table summarizes rotation behavior for the common screenorientations:

Screen Orientation	Behavior
unspecified, user	In auto-rotate and rotation lock the Activity can be rendered in portrait or landscape (and the reverse). Expect to support both portrait and landscape layouts.
userLandscape	In auto-rotate and rotation lock the Activity can be rendered in either landscape or reverse landscape. Expect to support only landscape layouts.
userPortrait	In auto-rotate and rotation lock the Activity can be rendered in either portrait or reverse portrait. Expect to support only portrait layouts.
fullUser	In auto-rotate and rotation lock the Activity can be rendered in portrait or landscape (and the reverse). Expect to support both portrait and landscape layouts. Rotation lock users will be given the option to lock to reverse portrait, often 180º.
sensor, fullSensor, sensorPortrait, sensorLandscape	The rotation lock mode preference is ignored and is treated as if auto-rotate is active. Only use this in exceptional circumstances with very careful UX consideration.

Apache HTTP client deprecation affects apps with non-standard ClassLoader

With Android 6.0,we removed support for the Apache HTTP client.This change has no effect on the great majority of apps that do not targetAndroid 9 or higher. However, the change can affect certain apps thatuse a nonstandard ClassLoader structure,even if the apps do not target Android 9 or higher.

An app can be affected if it uses a non-standard ClassLoader that explicitlydelegates to the system ClassLoader. These apps need to delegate to the appClassLoader instead when looking for classes in org.apache.http.*. If theydelegate to the system ClassLoader, the apps will fail on Android 9 or higherwith a NoClassDefFoundError,because those classes are no longer known to the system ClassLoader. Toprevent similar problems in the future, apps should in general load classesthrough the app ClassLoader rather than accessing the system ClassLoaderdirectly.

Enumerating cameras

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Apps running on Android 9 devices can discover every available camera by callinggetCameraIdList().An app should not assume that the device has only a single back camera or only asingle front camera.

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For example, if your app has a button to switch between the front and backcameras, there may be more than one front or back camera to choose from. Youshould walk the camera list, examine each camera's characteristics, and decidewhich cameras to expose to the user.